Velamentous cord insertion and birth weight discordance in monochorionic twin pregnancy: a case report

Objective

The aim is to discuss the impact of non-central placental cord insertion on birth weight discordance in twin pregnancies.

Case(s)

Thirty-year-old patient with gravida 2 and parity 1 referred to our clinic when she was found to be monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnant. Upon the determination of crown-rump length (CRL) discordance between both fetuses in the first trimester screening test carried out at twelve weeks of gestation, the patient was taken under close follow-up. Marginal insertion was found in the cord of one of the fetuses in the ultrasonographic examination performed due to the slight increase of discordance between the fetuses at 16 weeks of gestation. The case showing intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) as of the 24 weeks of gestation was monitored closely via biophysical scoring and Doppler parameters. The patient was delivered by cesarean section due to the decrease in biophysical score and the determination of reverse flow in umbilical artery of the fetus found to have marginal cord insertion and IUGR at 30 weeks and 4 days of gestation. 

Conclusion

Non-central placental cord insertion contributes to the birth weight discordance in monochorionic twin pregnancies. Sonographic determination of the location of placental cord insertion can be assessed as the criteria in antenatal evaluation of twin pregnancies. Also, we believe that a careful determination of umbilical cord insertions is useful together with close follow-up of the fetuses when twin discordance is found in first trimester monochorionic pregnancies.

Keywords

Twin discordance, monochorionic pregnancies, velamentous cord insertion.

Introduction

Increased morbidity and mortality are seen in all perinatal complications of twin pregnancies except post-term pregnancy and macrosomia.[1] As in other complications, compared to the dichorionic twin pregnancies, intertwin weight discordance in monochorionic twin pregnancies is observed more frequently.[2] The studies carried out until today have shown that intertwin birth weight discordance is associated with increased morbidity and mortality.[3]
The location of placental umbilical cord insertion is a factor contributing perinatal morbidity in singleton and twin pregnancies. Marginal cord insertion observed in 7% of singleton pregnancies is more frequent in twin pregnancies. In monochorionic twin pregnancies, this rate is distinctly higher. In this case report, we aimed to present the monochorionic twin pregnancy case with marginal cord insertion in one of the fetuses resulting with intrauterine growth retardation and to discuss its management.

Case Report

Thirty-year-old patient with gravida 2 and parity 1 referred to our clinic when she was found to be monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnant in another clinic. In the first examination, monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy was determined. The pregnancy was measured as 12 weeks and 6 days according to the last menstrual period, and crown-rump length (CRL) was 54.3 mm (12 weeks) and nuchal translucency (NT) was 1.1 mm in the right fetus while CRL was 69.7 mm (13 weeks and 1 day) and NT was 1.2 mm in the left fetus. This one week difference in the measurements of fetuses was thought to be associated with early-onset twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) which is reported in the literature and can be seen in monochorionic pregnancies, and the patient was taken under close follow-up. In the next follow-ups of the patient, the discordance between fetuses as of 14 weeks of gestation became more distinctive. The patient was applied amniocentesis at 16 weeks of gestation. While no fetal anomaly was determined in the ultrasonographic examination, it was found that the cord of right fetus was entering into the placenta marginally, and this condition was considered as the reason of IUGR in this fetus (Fig. 1). Upon the normal result of karyotype analysis, the patient was taken under ultrasonographic follow-up with two weeks of intervals. Beginning from 24 weeks of gestation, the patient was followed up with color Doppler. At 28 weeks of gestation, end-diastolic flow loss occurred in the umbilical artery of right fetus. At this stage, two doses of corticosteroid (betamethazone 12 mg with 24h interval) were administered to the patient to increase fetal lung maturation and weekly follow-ups were maintained. In the ultrasonography carried out at 30 weeks of gestation, the measurements of the fetus with central-located cord insertion were found consistent with 29 weeks of gestation, and estimated fetal weight was 1341g. The measurements of the fetus with marginal insertion were consistent with 26 weeks of gestation and estimated fetal weight was measured as 834 g. In the Doppler examination, the delivery was decided due to the observation of poor biophysical score and reverse flow in umbilical artery of this fetus (Fig. 2). Babies which were 1140 g and 736 g were delivered by cesarean section with 1-minute and 5-minute Apgar scores as 3; then, they were intubated and taken into newborn intense care unit. Marginal insertion was observed in the cord of the smaller fetus (Fig. 3). The babies were discharged after newborn intense care follow-up without any complication.

Discussion

Twin pregnancies are associated with increasing perinatal morbidity rates.[1] While growth discordance causes poor outcomes, these cases are the patients that should be considered as the high-risk group.[4] In twin pregnancies, there are many reasons causing discordance and varying according to chorionicity.
 The studies show that unequal placental share and umbilical cord insertion anomalies in monochorionic twin pregnancies cause growth discordance. This rate is lower in dichorionic twins compared to monochorionic twins.[5] It was found in the study carried out on the placentas of 60 monochorionic twin pregnancies that either the existence of velamentous or marginal insertion significantly increases weight discordance.[6] There are studies in the literature investigating the accuracy of determining cord insertion sonographically in singleton and twin pregnancies. In a study carried out by Di Salvo et al. on singleton and twin pregnancies, it was proved that cord insertion was determined accurately in the ultrasonography examination by histopathological studies performed on 49 out of 54 pregnancies later.[7]
In twin pregnancies, CRL discordance is a non-rare condition which can be observed depending on the different genetic potential or unequal placental share. Besides, there are studies in the literature showing that CRL discordance at early weeks is associated with pregnancy loss, chromosomal anomalies or structural malformations.[8,9] In the systematic review of D’Antonio et al., it was reported that the increase of CRL discordance at 11–14 weeks of gestation is associated with intrauterine loss risk. Accordingly, when CRL discordance exceeds 50%, intrauterine mortality of one of the fetuses reaches to 100%.[8] Also, there is an increase in preterm labor and the risk of IUGR. In addition, increases in diaphragmatic hernia, ventriculomegaly, schizencephaly, aortic atresia and sacral agenesia were reported in fetuses with CRL discordance at first trimester.[10]
 While it was expressed that predictive value of CRL discordance is weak for poor perinatal outcome, it was reported that the rate of perinatal loss doubles when monochorionicity is determined. There are studies showing that CRL discordance at an early period such as first trimester can be a predictor to determine weight discordance.[9] As a result of these studies, when chromosomal and structural anomalies are ruled out, it has been shown that CRL discordance has a weak relationship with poor perinatal results. Also, it has been highlighted that this association is not useful to estimate poor outcomes that may develop after 14 weeks of gestation in monochorionic and dichorionic pregnancies.[9]
Antenatal observation is significant in twin pregnancies in terms of increased risks. In this report, fetal weight evaluation has a 20% margin of error. The factors that may cause weight discordance including the location of placental cord insertion should be investigated in these cases.

Conclusion

Marginal cord insertion is a condition that may cause first trimester CRL discordance, estimated fetal weight discordance and intrauterine growth retardation in monochorionic twin pregnancies. Insertion location of the cord in twin pregnancies can be a parameter to determine during antenatal period in terms of gestational follow-up.

References

1. ​Spellacy WN, Handler A, Ferre CD. A case-control study of 1253 twin pregnancies from a 1982-1987 perinatal data base. Obstet Gynecol 1990;75:168–71. [PubMed] 
2. Cleary-Goldman J, D’Alton ME. Growth abnormalities and multiple gestations. Semin Perinat 2008;32:206–212. [PubMed] [CrossRef] 
3. Hollier LM, McIntire DD, Leveno KJ. Outcome of twin pregnancies according to intrapair birth weight differences. Obstet Gynecol 1999;94:1006–10. [PubMed] [CrossRef] 
4. Amaru RC, Bush MC, Berkowitz RL, Lapinski RH, Gaddipati S. Is discordant growth in twins an independent risk factor for adverse neonatal outcome? Obstet Gynecol 2004;103:71–6. [PubMed] [CrossRef] 
5. Lopriore E, Sueters M, Middeldorp JM, Oepkes D, Walther FJ, Vandenbussche FP. Velamentous cord insertion and unequal placental territories in monochorionic twins with and without twin-to-twin-transfusion syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007;196:159 e151–5. [PubMed] [CrossRef] 
6. Machin GA. Velamentous cord insertion in monochorionic twin gestation. An added risk factor. J Reprod Med 1997;42:785–9. [PubMed] 
7. Di Salvo DN, Benson CB, Laing FC, Brown DL, Frates MC, Doubilet PM. Sonographic evaluation of the placental cord insertion site. Am J Roentgen 1998;170:1295–8. [PubMed] [CrossRef] 
8. D’Antonio F, Khalil A, Mantovani E, Thilaganathan B; Southwest Thames Obstetric Research Collaborative. Embryonic growth discordance and early fetal loss: the STORK multiple pregnancy cohort and systematic review. Hum Reprod 2013;28:2621–7. [PubMed] [CrossRef] 
9. D’Antonio F, Khalil A, Dias T, Thilaganathan B; Southwest Thames Obstetric Research Collaborative (STORK). Crown-rump length discordance and adverse perinatal outcome in twins: analysis of the Southwest Thames Obstetric Research Collaborative (STORK) multiple pregnancy cohort. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013;41:632–6. [PubMed] [CrossRef] 
10. Weissman A, Achiron R, Lipitz S, Blickstein I, Mashiach S. The first-trimester growth-discordant twin: An ominous prenatal finding. Obstet Gynecol 1994;84:110–4. [PubMed] 

	File/Dsecription
	Fig. 1 Marginal cord insertion into the placenta on the right fetus (arrow).
	Fig. 2. Reverse flow in umbilical artery shown in ultrasonographic examination.
	Fig. 3. Marginal insertion of cord on the right side of placenta specimen after birth (black arrow), and central-located insertion of cord on the left side (white arrow).